For steady flow of a viscous incompressible fluid through a circular pipe of constant diameter, the average velocity in the fully developed region is constant. Which one of the following statements about the average velocity in the developing region is TRUE?

Couette flow is characterized by

Three parallel pipes connected at the two ends have flow-rates $$\,\,\,{Q_1},\,\,\,{Q_2},\,\,\,\,$$ and $${Q_3}$$ respectively, and the corresponding frictional head losses are $${h_{L1}},\,\,\,{h_{L2}},$$ and $${h_{L3}}$$ respectively. The correct expressions for total flow rate $$(Q)$$ and frictional head loss across the two ends $$\left( {{h_L}} \right)$$ are.

Consider fully developed flow in a circular pipe with negligible entrance length effects. Assuming the mass flow rate, density and friction factor to be constant, if the length of the pipe is doubled and the diameter is halved, the head loss due to friction will increase by a factor of