In the figure shown, the npn transistor acts as a switch.

For the input v_in(t)as shown in the figure, the transistor switches between the cut-off and saturation regions of operation, when T is large. Assume collector-to-emitter voltage saturation V_CE(sat) = 0.2V and base-to-emitter voltage V_BE = 0.7V. The minimum value of the common-base current gain$$\left( \alpha \right)$$ of the transistor for the switching should be _________.

The Miller effect in the context of a Common Emitter amplifier explains

For the operational amplifier circuit shown, the output saturation voltages are $$ \pm \,\,15V$$. The upper and lower threshold voltages for the circuit are, respectively.

The amplifier circuit shown in the figure is implemented using a compensated operational amplifier (op-amp), and has an open-loop voltage gain, A₀ 10⁵ V/V and an open-loop cut-off frequency, f_C = 8 Hz. The voltage gain of the amplifier at 15 kHz, in V/V, is __________.