For the common collector amplifier shown in the figure, the BJT has high $${V_{CE\left( {sat} \right)}},$$ and $${V_{BE}}$$ $$\, = \,\,0.7\,\,\,V$$. The maximum undistorted peak-to-peak output voltage $${V_o}$$ (in Volts) is _____.

The circuit shown represents

An M - level PSK modulation scheme is used to transmit independent binary digits over a band-pass channel with bandwidth 100 kHz. The bit rate is 200 kbps and the system characteristic is a raised-cosine spectrum with 100% excess bandwidth. The minimum value of M is ___________________________.

Consider the Z- channel given in the figure. The input is 0 or 1 with equal probability. If the output is 0, the probability that the input is also 0 equals____________________________________