The line-of-sight communication requires the transmit and receive antennas to face each other. If the transmit antenna is vertically polarized for best reception the receiver antenna should be

The intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon sample at 300^oK is $$1.5\times10^{16}/m^3$$. If after doping, the number of majority carriers is $$5\times10^{20}/m^3$$ , minority carrier density is

In the figure, a silicon diode is carrying a constant current of 1 mA. When the temperature of the diode is 20°C, V_D is found to be 700 mV. If the temperature rises to 40°C, V_D becomes approximately equal to

The band gap of silicon at 300 K is