Radiative heat transfer is intended between the inner surfaces of two very largen isothermal parallel metal plates. While the upper plate (designated as plate $$1$$) is a black surface and is the warmer one being maintained at $${727^ \circ }C,$$ the lower plate (plate $$2$$) is a diffuse and gray surface with an emissivity of $$0.7$$ and is kept at $${27^ \circ }C.$$ Assume that the surfaces are sufficiently large to form a two-surface enclosure and steady state conditions to exist. Stefan Boltzmann constant is given as
$$5.67 \times {10^{ - 8}}\,W/{m^2}{K^4}$$

The irradiation (in $$kW/{m^2}$$) for the upper plate is

Radiative heat transfer is intended between the inner surfaces of two very largen isothermal parallel metal plates. While the upper plate (designated as plate $$1$$) is a black surface and is the warmer one being maintained at $${727^ \circ }C,$$ the lower plate (plate $$2$$) is a diffuse and gray surface with an emissivity of $$0.7$$ and is kept at $${27^ \circ }C.$$ Assume that the surfaces are sufficiently large to form a two-surface enclosure and steady state conditions to exist. Stefan Boltzmann constant is given as
$$5.67 \times {10^{ - 8}}\,W/{m^2}{K^4}$$

If plate is also a diffuse gray surface with an emisivity value of $$0.8,$$ the net radiant heat exchange (in $$kW/{m^2}$$) between plate $$1$$ and plate $$2$$

A hollow enclosure is formed between two infinitely concentric cylinders of radii $$1m$$ and $$2m$$ respectively. Radiative heat exchange takes place between the inner surface of the larger cylinder (surface $$-2$$) and the outer surface of the smaller cylinder (surface$$-1$$) the radiating surfaces are diffuse and the medium in the enclosure is non-participating. The fraction of the thermal radiation leaving the larger surface and striking itself is

A solid cylinder (surface $$2$$) is located at the center of a hollow sphere (surface $$1$$). The diameter of the sphere is $$1m,$$ while the cylinder has a diameter and length of $$0.5m$$ each. The radiation configuration factor $${F_{11}}$$ is.