A negative sequence relay is commonly used to protect

A two machine power system in shown below. Transmission line $$XY$$ has positive sequence impedance of $${Z_1}\Omega $$ and zero sequence impedance of $${Z_0}\Omega $$
An $$'a'$$ phase to ground fault with zero fault impedance occurs at the centre of the transmission line. Bus voltage at $$X$$ and line current from $$X$$ to $$F$$ for the phase $$'a',$$ are given by $${V_a}$$ Volts and $${{\rm I}_a}$$ Amperes, respectively. Then, the impedance measured by the ground distance relay located at the terminal $$X$$ of line $$XY$$ will be given by

In a biased differential relay the bias is defined as a ratio of