A copper tube of $$20$$ $$mm$$ outer diameter, $$1$$ $$mm$$ thickness and $$20$$ $$m$$ long (Thermal conducti-vity$$ = 400$$ $$W/mK$$) is carrying saturated steam at $${150^ \circ }C$$ (Convective $$HTC\,\, = \,\,150\,\,W/{m^2}K$$). The tube is exposed to an ambient temperature of $${27^ \circ }C.$$ The convective $$HTC$$ of air is $$5\,W/{m^2}K.$$ Glass wool is used for insulation (Thermal conductivity $$ = 0.075\,\,W/mK$$). If the thickness of the insulation used is $$5$$ $$mm$$ higher than the critical thickness of insulation, calculate the rate of heat lost by the steam and the rate of steam condensation in $$kg/hr$$ (The enthalpy of condensation of steam $$ = 2230\,\,kJ/kg$$)

A composite wall, having unit length normal to the plane of paper, is insulated at the top and bottom as shown in the figure. It is comprised of four different materials $$A, B, C$$ and $$D.$$
Dimensions are $$$\eqalign{ & {H_A} = {H_D} = 3cm, \cr & {H_B} = {H_C} = 1.5cm, \cr & {L_1} = {L_3} = 0.05m,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{L_2} = 0.1m \cr} $$$

Thermal conductivity of the materials are $$$\eqalign{ & {K_A} = {K_D} = 50\,\,\,W/mK, \cr & {K_B} = 10\,\,W/mK,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{K_C} = 1\,\,W/mK \cr} $$$
The fluid temps and $$HTC$$(see fig) are $$$\eqalign{ & {T_1} = {200^ \circ }C,\,\,\,\,{h_1} = 50\,\,W/{m^2}K, \cr & T{}_2 = {25^ \circ }C,\,\,\,\,{h_2} = 10\,\,W/{m^2}K, \cr} $$$

Assuming one dimensional heat transfer condition. Determine the rate of heat transfer through the wall.

A gas filled tube has $$2$$ $$mm$$ inside diameter and $$25$$ $$cm$$ length. The gas is heated by an electrical wire of diameter $$50$$ microns ($$0.05$$ $$mm$$) located along the axis of the tube. Current and voltage drop across the heating element are $$0.5$$ amps and $$4$$ volts, respectively. If the measured wire and inside tube wall temperatures are $${175^ \circ }C$$ and $${150^ \circ }C$$ respectively, find the thermal conductivity of the gas filling the tube.

An electric hot plate is maintained at a temperature of $${350^ \circ }C,$$ and is used to keep a solution boiling at $${95^ \circ }C.$$ The solution is contained in cast iron vessel of wall thickness $$25mm,$$ which is enameled inside to a thickness of $$0.8mm$$. The heat transfer coefficient for the boiling solution is $$5.5$$ $$kW/{m^2}K$$ and the thermal conducti-vities of cast iron and enamel are $$50$$ and $$1.05W/mK,$$ respectively. Calculate the $$OHTC$$ and the rate of heat transfer per unit area.