A sequential circuit using D flip-flop and logic gates is shown in the figure, where X and Y are the inputs and Z is the output. The circuit is

For the 4 bit DAC shown in Figure, the output voltage $${V_0}$$ is

A TEM wave is incident normally upon a perfect conductor. The E and H fields at the boundary will be respectively

The magnitudes of the open-circuit and short-circuit input impedances of a transmission line are 100$$\Omega \,$$ and 25$$\Omega \,$$ respectively. The characteristic impedance of the line is