For the 4 bit DAC shown in Figure, the output voltage $${V_0}$$ is

A TEM wave is incident normally upon a perfect conductor. The E and H fields at the boundary will be respectively

The magnitudes of the open-circuit and short-circuit input impedances of a transmission line are 100$$\Omega \,$$ and 25$$\Omega \,$$ respectively. The characteristic impedance of the line is

The half-power beam widths (HPBW) of an antenna in the two orthogonal planes are $${100^ \circ }$$ and $${60^ \circ }$$ respectively. The directivity of the antenna is approximately equal to