Let h(t) denote the impulse response of a casual system with transfer function $${1 \over {s + 1}}$$. Consider the following three statements.

S1: The system is stable.
S2: $${{h\left( {t + 1} \right)} \over {h\left( t \right)}}$$ is independent of t for t > 0.
S3: A non-casual system with the same transfer function is stable.

For the above system,

For an all-pass system H(z)= $${{({z^{ - 1}} - b)} \over {(1 - a{z^{ - 1}})}}$$ where $$\left| {H({e^{ - j\omega }})} \right| = \,1$$ , for all $$\omega $$. If Re (a) $$ \ne $$ 0,$${\mathop{\rm Im}\nolimits} (a) \ne 0$$ then b equals

The z-transform of the sequence x$$\left[ n \right]$$ is given by x(z)= $${1 \over {{{(1 - 2{z^{ - 1}})}^2}}}$$ , with the region of convergence $$\left| z \right| > 2$$. Then, $$x\left[ 2 \right]$$ is ____________________.

Let $${H_1}(z) = {(1 - p{z^{ - 1}})^{ - 1}},{H_2}(z) = {(1 - q{z^{^{ - 1}}})^{ - 1}}$$ , H(z) =$${H_1}(z)$$ +r $${H_2}$$. The quantities p, q, r are real numbers. Consider , p=$${1 \over 2}$$, q=-$${1 \over 4}$$ $$\left| r \right|$$ <1. If the zero H(z) lies on the unit circle, the r = ____________________________.