In the circuit shown below, the knee current of the ideal Zener diode is 10 mA. To maintain 5V across R_L, the minimum value of R_L in Ω and the minimum power rating of the Zener diode in mW, respectively, are

In IC technology, dry oxidation (using dry oxygen) as compared to wet oxidation (using steam or water vapor) produces

In a MOSFET operating in the saturation region, the channel length modulation effect causes

The small-signal resistance (i.e., $${{d{V_B}} \over {d{I_D}}}$$ ) in $$k\Omega $$ offered by the n-channel MOSFET M shown in the figure below, at bias point of V_B = 2V is (device data for M: device transconductance parameter

k_N = $${\mu _n}{C_{ox}^{'}}$$ (W/L)= 40$$\mu {\rm A}/{V^2},$$ threshold voltage V_TN=1V, and neglect body effect and channel length modulation effects)