Consider a simple checkpointing protocol and the following set of operations in the log.

(start, $$T4$$); (write, $$T4, y, 2, 3$$); (start, $$T1$$); (commit, $$T4$$); (write, $$T1, z, 5, 7$$);
(checkpoint);
(start, $$T2$$); (write, $$T2, x, 1, 9$$); (commit, $$T2$$); (start, $$T3$$), (write, $$T3, z, 7, 2$$);

If a crash happens now and the system tries to recovver using both undo and redo operations, what are the contents of the undo list and the redo list?

Consider the following partial Schedule S involving two transactions $$T1$$ and $$T2.$$ Only the read and the write operations have been shown. The read operation on data item $$P$$ is denoted by read$$(P)$$ and the write operation on data item $$P$$ is denoted by write $$(P).$$

Suppose that the transaction $$T1$$ fails immediately after time instance $$9.$$ Which one of the following statements is correct?

Consider the following four schedules due to three transactions (indicated by the subscript) using read and write on a data item x, denoted by r(x) and w(x) respectively. Which one of them is conflict serializable?

Consider the transactions T1, T2, and T3 and the schedules S1 and S2 given below.

T1 : r1 (X) ; r1 (Z) ; w1 (X) ; w1 (Z)

T2 : r2 (X) ; r2 (Z) ; w2 (Z)

T3 : r3 (X) ; r3 (X) ; w3 (Y)

S1: r1(X); r3(Y); r3(X); r2(Y); r2(Z); w3(Y); w2(Z); r1(Z); w1(X); w1(Z)

S2: r1(X); r3(Y); r2(Y); r3(X); r1(Z); r2(Z); w3(Y); w1(X); w2(Z); w1(Z)

Which one of the following statements about the schedules is TRUE?