Basic of Programming Language · Programming Languages · GATE CSE

Consider the following C program:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

   int a = 6;

   int b = 0;

   while(a < 10) {

      a = a / 12 + 1;

      a += b;}

   printf("%d", a);

   return 0;}

Which one of the following statements is CORRECT?

Consider the following C function.

int fun ( int n ) {

   int x = 1, k ;

   if ( n == 1) return x ;

   for( k = 1 ; k < n ; ++ k )

       x = x + fun( k ) * fun( n - k ) ;

   return x ;

}

The return value of fun (5) is ________.

Consider the function func shown below:

int func(int num) 

{ 

         int count = 0;

         while(num)

         {

                count++;

                num >>= 1;

         }

  return (count);

} 

The value returned by func(435) is _________.

Suppose n and p are unsigned int variables in a C program. We wish to set p to $${}^n{C_3}$$. If n is large, which one of the following statements is most likely to set p correctly?

Which one of the following is NOT performed during compilation?

Which of the following statements are CORRECT?

1) Static allocation of all data areas by a compiler makes it impossible to implement recursion.

2) Automatic garbage collection is essential to implement recursion.

3) Dynamic allocation of activation records is essential to implement recursion.

4) Both heap and stack are essential to implement recursion.

Let A be a square matrix size $$n \times n$$. Consider the following pseudocode. What is the expected output?

C = 100; 
for i = 0 to n do 
for j = 1 to n do 
 { 
      Temp = A[ i ][ j ] + C ; 
      A[ i ][ j ] = A[ j ][ i ] ; 
      A[ j ][ i ] = Temp - C ; 
 } 

 for i = 0 to n do 
 for j = 1 to n do 
 output(A[ i ][ j ]);

Consider the following program in C language:

#include < stdio.h >
main()
{
int i;
int *pi = &i;
scanf("%d", pi);
printf("%d\n", i + 5);
}

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

Which languages necessarily need heap allocation in the runtime environment?

A common property of logic programming languages and functional languages is:

The goal of structured programming is to

Choose the best matching between the programming style in Group 1 and their characteristics in Group 2

Group 1
P. Functional
Q. Logic
R. Object-oriented
S. Imperative

Group 2
1. Command-based, procedural
2. Imperative, abstract data types
3. Side-effect free, declaretive, expression Evaluation
4. Declaretive, clausal representation, theorem proving

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

The results returned by function under value-result and reference parameter passing conventions

Heap allocation is required for languages.

What are x and y in the following macro definition?

macro Add x,y
Load y
Mul x
Store y
end macro

An unrestricted use of the "goto" statement is harmful because

Indicate the following statement true or false:

Although C does not support call by name parameter passing, the effect can be correctly simulated in C.

Indicate the following statement true or false :

A programming language not supporting either recursion or pointer type does not need the support of dynamic memory allocation.

Consider an array X that contains n positive integers. A subarray of X is defined to be a sequence of array locations with consecutive indices.

The C code snippet given below has been written to compute the length of the longest subarray of X that contains at most two distinct integers. The code has two missing expressions labelled (P) and (Q).

int first=0, second=0, len1=0, len2=0, maxlen=0;
for (int i=0; i < n; i++) {
  if (X[i] == first) {
    len2++;
    len1++;
  } else if (X[i] == second) {
    len2++;
    len1 = (P);
    second = first;
  } else {
    len2 = (Q);
    len1 = 1;
    second = first;
  }
  if (len2 > maxlen) {
    maxlen = len2;
  }
  first = X[i];
}

Which one of the following options gives the CORRECT missing expressions?

(Hint: At the end of the i-th iteration, the value of len1 is the length of the longest subarray ending with X[i] that contains all equal values, and len2 is the length of the longest subarray ending with X[i] that contains at most two distinct values.)

Consider the following program:

int main ( ) { f1( ); f2(2); f3( ); return (0); }	int f1( ) { return (1); }	int f2 (int X) { f3( ); if (X==1) return f1 ( ); else return (X*f2(X$$-$$1)); }	int f3( ) { return (5); }

Which one of the following options represents the activation tree corresponding to the main function?

What is printed by the following ANSI C program?

 #include <stdio.h>
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    char a = 'P';
    char b = 'x';
    char c = (a & b) + '*';
    char d = (a | b) - '-';
    char e = (a ^ b) + '+';
    printf("%c %c %c\n", c, d, e);
    return 0;
 }

ASCII encoding for relevant characters is given below :

Consider the following C program :

#include <stdio.h>

int main(){

    float sum = 0.0, j = 1.0, i = 2.0;

    while (i/j > 0.0625){

        j = j + j;

        sum = sum + i/j;

        printf("%f\n", sum);

    }

    return 0;

}

The number of times the variable sum will be printed, when the above program is executed, is _________.

Consider the following pseudo code, where x and y are positive integers.

begin 
    q := 0 
    r := x 
   while r ≥ y do 
      begin 
      r := r - y 
      q := q + 1 
    end 
end

The post condition that needs to be satisfied after the program terminates is

Consider the C function given below.

int f(int j)
{
    static int i = 50;
    int k;
    if (i == j)
    {
        printf("something");
        k = f(i);
        return 0;
    }
    else return 0;
}

Which one of the following is TRUE?

Consider the following function

double f (double x) {
    if ( abs (x * x – 3) < 0. 01) return x;
    else return f (x / 2 + 1.5/x);
}

Give a value q (to 2 decimals) such that f(q) will return q:______.

What is the return value of f (p, p), if the value of p is initialized to 5 before the call? Note that the first parameter is passed by reference, whereas the second parameter is passed by value.

int f (int &x, int c) {
    c = c - 1;
    if (c==0) return 1;
    x = x + 1;
    return f(x,c) * x;
}

Which of the following are true?

I. A programming language which does not permit global variables of any kind and has no nesting of procedures/functions, but permits recursion can be implemented with static storage allocation

II. Multi-level access link (or display) arrangement is needed to arrange activation records only if the programming language being implemented has nesting of procedures/functions

III. Recursion in programming languages cannot be implemented with dynamic storage allocation

IV. Nesting procedures/functions and recursion require a dynamic heap allocation scheme and cannot be implemented with a stack-based allocation scheme for activation records

V. Programming languages which permit a function to return a function as its result cannot be implemented with a stack-based storage allocation scheme for activation records

The following program fragment is written in a programming language that allows global variables and does not allow nested declarations of functions.

global int i = 100, j = 5;
void P(x) {
    int i = 10;
    print(x + 10);
    i = 200;
    j = 20;
    print (x);
}
main() {
    P(i + j);
}

If the programming language uses dynamic scoping and call by name parameter passing mechanism, the values printed by the above program are

The following program fragment is written in a programming language that allows global variables and does not allow nested declarations of functions.

global int i = 100, j = 5;
void P(x) {
    int i = 10;
    print(x + 10);
    i = 200;
    j = 20;
    print (x);
}
main() {
    P(i + j);
}

If the programming language uses static scoping and call by need parameter passing mechanism, the values printed by the above program are

What is printed by the print statements in the program P1 assuming call by reference parameter passing?

Program P1()
{
     x=10;
     y=3;
     func1(y,x,x);
     print x;
     print y;
}
func1(x,y,z)
{
     y=y+4;
     z=x+y+z;
}

Consider the following program

Program P2
      var n:int;
      procedure W(var x:int)
      begin
          x=x+1;
          print x;
      end

      procedure D
      begin
          var n:int;
          n=3;
          W(n);
      end
begin     \\begin P2
      n = 10;
      D;
end

If the language has dynamic scooping and parameters are passed by reference, what will be printed by the program?

Given the programming constructs:

(i) assignment
(ii) for loops where the loop parameter cannot be changed within the loop
(iii) if-then-else
(iv) forward go to
(v) arbitrary go to
(vi) non-recursive procedure call
(vii) recursive procedure/function call
(viii) repeat loop,

which constructs will you not include in a programming language such that it should be possible to program the terminates (i.e., halting) function in the same programming language.

Consider the following program in a language that has dynamic scooping:

var x: real;
procedure show;
         begin print(x); end;
procedure small;
         var x: real;
             begin x: = 0.125; show; end;
begin x:=0.25;
         show; small
         end;

Then the output of the program is:

A certain processor supports only the immediate and the direct addressing modes. Which of the following programming language features cannot be implemented on this processor?

Faster access to non-local variables is achieved using an array of pointers to activation records called a

Given the following Pascal like program segment:

Procedure A;

     x,y:intger;

     Procedure B;

            x,z:real;

            S1

     end B;

     Procedure C;

            i:integer;

            S2;

     end C;

end A;

The variables accessible in S1 and S2 are

The correct matching for the following pairs is

List - I
(A) Activation record
(B) Location counter
(C) Reference counts
(D) Address relocation

List - II
(1) Linking loader
(2) Garbage collection
(3) Subroutine call
(4) Assembler

In which one of the following cases is it possible to obtain different results for call-by-reference and call-by-name parameter passing methods?

Match the pairs in the following:

List - I

(A) Small talk
(B) LISP
(C) Prolog
(D) VAL

List - II

(p) Logic programming
(q) Data flow programming
(r) Functional programming
(s) Object-Oriented programming

Match the pairs in the following:

List - I

(A) Pointer data type
(B) Activation record
(C) Repeat-until
(D) Coercion

List - II

(p) Type conversion
(q) Dynamic data structure
(r) Recursion
(s) Nondeterministic loop

An unrestricted use of the "goto" statement is harmful because of which of the following reason(s):

In which of the following cases it is possible to obtain different results for call-by-reference and call-by-name parameter passing?