A synchronous motor on load draws a current at a leading power factor angle $$\phi$$. If the internal power factor angle – which is the phase angle between the excitation e.m.f. and the current in the time phasor diagram is $$\psi$$, then the air gap excitation m.m.f lags the armature m.m.f by

The developed electromagnetic force and or torque in electro $$-$mechanical energy conversion systems act in a direction that tends

The torque angle of a synchronous machine operating from a constant voltage bus, is usually defined as the space angle between