The output Y in the circuit below is always ‘1’ when

A transmission line of characteristic impedance 50 $$\Omega $$ is terminated by a 50 $$\Omega $$ load. When excited by a sinusoidal voltage source at 10 GHz, the phase difference between two points spaced 2 mm apart on the line is found to be $$\pi /4$$ radians. The phase velocity of the wave along the line is

A transmission line of characteristic impedance 50 $$\Omega $$ is terminated in a load impedance $$Z_L$$. The VSWR of the line is measured as 5 and the first of the voltage naxima in the line is observed at a distance of $$\lambda /4$$ from the load. The value of $$Z_L$$ is

The electric and magnetic fields for a TEM wave of frequency $$14 GHz$$ in a homogeneous medium of relative permittivity $${\varepsilon _r}$$ and relative permeability $${\mu _r} = 1$$ are given by $$$\overrightarrow E = {E_p}\,\,{e^{j\left( {\omega t - 280\pi y} \right)}}\,\,{\widehat u_z}\,\,V/m$$$ $$$\overrightarrow H = \,\,3\,\,{e^{j\left( {\omega \,t - 280\,\,\pi \,y} \right)}}\,\,\widehat u{\,_x}\,\,A/m$$$

Assuming the speed of light in free space to be $$3\,\, \times {10^8}\,\,\,m/s,$$ the intrinsic impedance of free space to be $$120\,\,\,\pi $$, the relative permittivity $${\varepsilon _r}$$ of the medium and the electric field amplitude $${E_p}$$ are