Consider the following code snippet using the fork() and wait() system calls. Assume that the code compiles and runs correctly, and that the system calls run successfully without any errors.

int x = 3;
while(x > 0) {
  fork();
  printf("hello");
  wait(NULL);
  x--;
}

The total number of times the printf statement is executed is _______

Consider the two functions incr and decr shown below.

incr() {
  wait(s);
  X = X+1;
  signal(s);
}

decr() {
   wait(s);
   X = X-1;
   signal(s);
}

There are 5 threads each invoking incr once, and 3 threads each invoking decr once, on the same shared variable X. The initial value of X is 10.

Suppose there are two implementations of the semaphore s, as follows:

I-1: s is a binary semaphore initialized to 1.

I-2: s is a counting semaphore initialized to 2.

Let V1, V2 be the values of X at the end of execution of all the threads with implementations I-1, I-2, respectively.

Which one of the following choices corresponds to the minimum possible values of V1, V2, respectively?

Consider a computer system with multiple shared resource types, with one instance per resource type. Each instance can be owned by only one process at a time. Owning and freeing of resources are done by holding a global lock (L). The following scheme is used to own a resource instance:

function OWNRESOURCES(Resource R)

Acquire lock L / / a global lock

if R is available then

Acquire R

Release lock L

else

if R is owned by another process P then

Terminate P, after releasing all resources owned by P

Acquire R

Restart P

Release lock L

end if

end if

end function

Which of the following choice(s) about the above scheme is/are correct?

Consider the following multi-threaded code segment (in a mix of C and pseudocode), invoked by two processes P1 and P2, and each of the processes spawns two threads T1 and T2:

int x = 0; // global

Lock L1; // global

main() {

create a thread to execute foo(); // Thread T1

create a thread to execute foo(); // Thread T2

wait for the two threads to finish execution;

print (x);}

foo() {

int y = 0;

Acquire L1;

x = x + 1;

y = y + 1;

Release L1;

print (y); }

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ?