Barrier is a synchronization construct where a set of processes synchronizes globally i.e. each process in the set arrives at the barrier and waits for all others to arrive and then all processes leave the barrier. Let the number of processes in the set be three and S be a binary semaphore with the usual P and V functions. Consider the following C implementation of a barrier with line numbers shown on left.

void barrier (void) { 
1: P(S); 
2: process_arrived++; 
3: V(S); 
4: while (process_arrived !=3); 
5: P(S); 
6: process_left++; 
7: if (process_left==3) { 
8: process_arrived = 0; 
9: process_left = 0; 
10: } 
11: V(S); 
} 

The variables process_arrived and process_left are shared among all processes and are initialized to zero. In a concurrent program all the three processes call the barrier function when they need to synchronize globally.
Which one of the following rectifies the problem in the implementation?

Suppose we want to synchronize two concurrent processes P and Q using binary semaphores S and T. The code for the processes P and Q is shown below.

Process P:

while(1){
  W:
  Print '0';
  Print '0';
  X:
}

Process Q:

while(1){
  Y:
  Print '1';
  Print '1';
  Z:
}

Synchronization statements can be inserted only at points W, X, Y, and Z.

Which of the following will ensure that the output string never contains a substring of the form 01ⁿ0 or 10ⁿ1 where n is odd?

Suppose we want to synchronize two concurrent processes P and Q using binary semaphores S and T. The code for the processes P and Q is shown below.

Process P:

while(1){
  W:
  Print '0';
  Print '0';
  X:
}

Process Q:

while(1){
  Y:
  Print '1';
  Print '1';
  Z:
}

Synchronization statements can be inserted only at points W, X, Y, and Z.

Which of the following will always lead to an output starting with 001100110011

Consider Peterson’s algorithm for mutual exclusion between two concurrent processes i and j. The program executed by process is shown below.

 Repeat 
     flag[i]=true; 
     turn=j; 
     while (P) do no-op; 
     Enter critical section, perform actions, then 
     exit critical section 
     Flag[i]=false; 
     Perform other non-critical section actions. 
 Until false;

For the program to guarantee mutual exclusion, the predicate P in the while loop should be