A sender uses the Stop-and-Wait ARQ protocol for reliable transmission of frames. Frames are of size 1000 bytes and the transmission rate at the sender is 80 Kbps (1Kbps = 1000 bits/second). Size of an acknowledgment is 100 bytes and the transmission rate at the receiver is 8 Kbps. The one-way propagation delay is 100 milliseconds. Assuming no frame is lost, the sender throughput is __________ bytes/second.

Suppose that the stop-and-wait protocol is used on a link with a bit rate of 64 kilobits per second and 20 milliseconds propagation delay. Assume that the transmission time for the acknowledgment and the processing time at nodes are negligible. Then the minimum frame size in bytes to achieve a link utilization of at least 50% is _________.

Consider a network connected two systems located 8000 kilometers apart. The bandwidth of the network is 500 × 10⁶ bits per second. The propagation speed of the media is 4 × 10⁶ meters per second. It is needed to design a Go-Back-N sliding window protocol for this network. The average packet size is 10⁷ bits. The network is to be used to its full capacity. Assume that processing delays at nodes are negligible. Then the minimum size in bits of the sequence number field has to be ___________.

Two hosts are connected via a packet switch with $${10^7}$$ bits per second links. Each link has a propagation delay of $$20$$ micro-seconds. The switch begins forwarding a packet $$35$$ microseconds after it receives the same. If $$10000$$ bits of data are to be transmitted between the two hosts using a packet size of $$5000$$ bits, the time elapsed between the transmission of the first bit of data and the reception of the last bit of the data in microseconds is____________.