A source emits bit 0 with probability $${1 \over 3}$$ and bit 1 with probability $${2 \over 3}$$. The emitted bits are communicated to the receiver. The receiver decides for either 0 or 1 based on the received value R. It is given that the conditional density functions of R are as
$${f_{\left. R \right|o}}\,(r) = \left\{ {\matrix{ {{1 \over 4},} & { - \,3\,\, \le \,\,x\,\, \le \,\,1,\,} \cr 0 & {otherwise,} \cr } } \right.and$$
$${f_{R/o}}\,(r) = \left\{ {\matrix{ {{1 \over 6},} & { - \,1\,\, \le \,\,x\,\, \le \,\,5\,,} \cr 0 & {otherwise.} \cr } } \right.$$

The minimum decision error orobability is

Consider the signal $$s\left(t\right)\;=\;m\left(t\right)\;\cos\left(2{\mathrm{πf}}_\mathrm c\mathrm t\right)\;+\widehat m\left(t\right)\;\sin\left(2\mathrm\pi\;{\mathrm f}_\mathrm c\mathrm t\right)$$ where $$\widehat m\left(t\right)\;$$ denotes the Hilbert transform of m(t) and the bandwidth of m(t) is very small compared to f_c. The signal s(t) is a

In the system shown in figure (a), m(t) is a low-pass signal with bandwidth W Hz. The frequency response of the band-pass filter H(f) is shown in figure (b). If it is desired that the output signal z(t) = 10x(t), the maximum value of W (in Hz) should be strictly less than ____________________.

Negative feedback in a closed-loop control system DOES NOT