For a parallel plate transmission line, let v be the speed of propagation and Z be the characteristic impedance. Neglecting fringe effects, a redution of the spacing between the plates by a factor of two results in

In spherical coordinates, let $${{{\widehat a}_{_0}},\,{{\widehat a}_{_\phi }}}$$ denote unit vectors along the $$\theta ,\,\,\phi $$directions. $$$E = {{100} \over r}\sin \,\theta \cos \left( {\omega t - \beta r} \right){\widehat a_{_\theta }}\,\,V/m$$$
and $$$H = {{0.265} \over r}\sin \,\theta \cos \left( {\omega t - \beta r} \right){\widehat a_{_\phi }}\,\,A/m$$$

Represent the electric and magnetic field components of the EM wave at large distances $$r$$ from a dipole antenna, in free space. The average power $$(W)$$ crossing the hemispherical shell located at $$r = 1\,\,km$$, $$0 \le \theta \le \pi /2$$ _______.

When the optical power incident on a photodiode is 10μW and the responsivity is 0.8 A/W, the photocurrent generated (in μA) is ________.

If fixed positive charges are present in the gate oxide of an n-channel enhancement type MOSFET, it will lead to