Consider the following snapshot of a system running $n$ concurrent processes. Process $i$ is holding $X_i$ instances of a resource $\mathrm{R}, 1 \leq i \leq n$. Assume that all instances of R are currently in use. Further, for all $i$, process $i$ can place a request for at most $Y_i$ additional instances of R while holding the $X_i$ instances it already has. Of the $n$ processes, there are exactly two processes $p$ and $q$ such that $Y_p=Y_q=0$. Which one of the following conditions guarantees that no other process apart from $p$ and $q$ can complete execution?

In a system, there are three types of resources: $$E, F$$ and $$G.$$ Four processes $${P_0},$$ $${P_1},$$ $${P_2}$$ and $${P_3}$$ execute concurrently. At the outset, the processes have declared their maximum resource requirements using a matrix named Max as given below. For example, Max$$\left[ {{P_{2,}}F} \right]$$ is the maximum number of instances of $$F$$ that $${{P_{2,}}}$$ would require. The number of instances of the resources allocated to the various processes at any given state is given by a matrix named Allocation.

Consider a state of the system with the Allocation matrix as shown below, and in which $$3$$ instances of $$E$$ and $$3$$ instances of $$F$$ are the only resources available.

Allocation
	E	F	G
P0	1	0	1
P1	1	1	2
P2	1	0	3
P3	2	0	0

Max
	E	F	G
P0	4	3	1
P1	2	1	4
P2	1	3	3
P3	5	4	1

From the perspective of deadlock avoidance, which one of the following is true?

Consider a non-negative counting semaphore $$S.$$ The operation $$P(S)$$ decrements $$S,$$ and $$V(S)$$ increments $$S.$$ During an execution, $$20$$ $$P(S)$$ operations and $$12$$ $$V(S)$$ operations are issued in some order. The largest initial value of $$S$$ for which at least one $$P(S)$$ operation will remain blocked is _____________ .

Consider the following policies for preventing deadlock in a system with mutually exclusive resources.

$$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{\rm I}.$$ $$\,\,\,\,\,\,$$ Processes should acquire all their resources at the beginning of execution. If
$$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,$$ any resource is not available, all resources acquired so far are released
$$\,\,\,\,\,{\rm II}.$$ $$\,\,\,\,\,\,$$ The resources are numbered uniquely, and processes are allowed to request
$$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,$$ for resources only in increasing resource numbers
$$\,\,\,{\rm III}.$$ $$\,\,\,\,\,\,$$ The resources are numbered uniquely, and processes are allowed to request
$$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,$$ for resources only in decreasing resource numbers
$$\,\,\,{\rm IV}.$$ $$\,\,\,\,\,\,$$ The resources are numbered uniquely. A process is allowed to request only
$$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,$$ for a resource with resource number larger than its currently held resources

Which of the above policies can be used for preventing deadlock?