Coherent orthogonal binary FSK modulation is used to transmit two equiprobable symbol waveforms $${s_1}\,(t)\, = \,\alpha \,\,\cos \,\,\,2\,\pi {f_1}\,t\,and\,\,{s_{2\,}}(t)\,\, = \,\alpha \,\,\cos \,\,\,2\,\pi {f_2}\,t$$, where $$\,\alpha = 4\,\,\,mV$$. Assume an AWGN channel with two-sided noise power spectral density $$\,{{{N_0}} \over 2} = 0.5\,\, \times \,{10^{ - 12}}$$ W/Hz. Using an optimal receiver and the relation $$Q(v) = {1 \over {\sqrt {2\,\pi } }}\,\int\limits_v^\infty {e{\,^{ - {u^2}/2}}} \,du$$, the bit error probability for a data rate of 500 kbps is

For the following system, When X₁(s) = 0 , the transfer function $$\frac{\mathrm Y\left(\mathrm s\right)}{{\mathrm X}_2\left(\mathrm s\right)}$$ is

The natural frequency of an undamped second-order system is 40 rad/s. If the system is damped with a damping ratio 0.3, the damped natural frequency in rad/s is ________.

The Bode asymptotic magnitude plot of a minimum phase system is shown in the figure.

If the system is connected in a unity negative feedback configuration, the steady state error of the closed loop system, to a unit ramp input, is