During transmission over a communication channel, bit errors occur independently with probability 'p'. If a block of n bits is transmitted, the probability of at most one bit error is equal to

The PDF of a Gaussian random variable X is given by $${p_x}(x) = \,{1 \over {3\sqrt {2\pi } }}\,\exp \,[ - \,{(x - 4)^2}/18]$$.

The probability of the event {X = 4} is

Given the $$G\left(s\right)H\left(s\right)=\frac K{s\left(s+1\right)\left(s+3\right)}$$, the point of intersection of the asymptotes of the root loci with the real axis is

A feedback control system is shown in figure (a) Draw the signal-flow graph that represents the system.
(b) Find the total number of loops in the graph and determine the loop-gains of all the loops.
(c) Find the number of all possible combination of non-touching loops taken two at a time.
(d) Determine the transfer function of the system using the signal-flow graph.