A logic family has threshold voltage $${V_T}$$= 2V, minimum guaranteed output high voltage $${V_{OH}}$$= 4V, minimum accepted input high voltage $${V_{IH}}$$ = 3V, maximum guaranteed output low voltage $${V_{OL}}$$ = 1V, and maximum accepted input low voltage N $${V_{IL}}$$ =1.5V. Its noise margin is

A chemical reactor has three sensors indicating the following conditions:-
(1) Pressure (P) is low or high'
(2) Temperature (T) is low or high' and
(3) Liquid level (L) is low or high.

its has two controls - Heater (H) which is either on or off and inlet value (V) which is open or close. The controls are operated as per Table.

(a) Using the convertion High =1, Low = 0, On=1, Off=0, Open=1 and Closed=0, draw the Karnaugh maps for H and V.

(b) Obtain the minimal product of sums expressions for H and V.

(c) Realize the logic for H and V using two 4-input multiplexers with T and L as control inputs. Used T as MSB.

The skin - depth of copper at a frequency of $$3 GHz$$ is $$1$$ micron ($${{{10}^{ - 6}}}$$ metre). At $$12 GHz$$, for a non - magnetic conductor whose conductivity is $$1/9$$ times that of copper, the skin $$-$$ depth would be

A 50 ohm lossless transmission line has a pure reactance of (j100) ohms as its load. The VSWR in the line is :