A logic family has threshold voltage $${V_T}$$= 2V, minimum guaranteed output high voltage $${V_{OH}}$$= 4V, minimum accepted input high voltage $${V_{IH}}$$ = 3V, maximum guaranteed output low voltage $${V_{OL}}$$ = 1V, and maximum accepted input low voltage N $${V_{IL}}$$ =1.5V. Its noise margin is

Among the digital IC-families-ECL, TTL and CMOS:

Indicate which of the following logic gates can be used to realize all possible combinational Logic functions:

Design a rectangilar hollow metal waveguide to operate in the X-band such that at an operating free-space wavelength of 3.2 cm
(a) The guide-wavelength for the $$T{E_{{{10}^ - }}}$$ mode is 40% more than the operating free-space wavelength.
(b) The cut-off wavelength for the $$T{M_{{{11}^ - }}}$$ mode is 40% of the cut-off wavelength for the $$T{E_{{{10}^ - }}}$$ mode.