A source produces 4 symbols with probabilities $${1 \over 2},\,{1 \over 4},\,{1 \over 8}\,\,and\,\,{1 \over 8}.$$ For this source, a practical coding scheme has an average codeword lenght of 2 bits/symbols. The efficiency of the code is :

Zero mean Gaussian noise of variance N is applied to a half wave rectifier. The mean squared value of the rectifier output will be:

A part of a communication system consists of an amplifier of effective noise temperature, $$Te = \,\,21\,\,{}^ \circ K\,$$, and a gain of 13 dB, followed by a cable with a loss of 3 dB. Assuming the ambient temperature to be $$300{}^ \circ \,K$$, we have for this part of the communication system,

In order to stabilize the system shown in fig. T_i should satisfy: