storing the program return address whenever a sub-routine jump instruction is executed.

transmitting and receiving input-output data.

storing all important CPU register contents whenever an interrupt is to be serviced.

storing program instructions for interrupt service routines.

increasing R₁

decreasing R₁

increasing R₂

decreasing R₂

reciprocal network

lumped element network

lossless network

unilateral element network

all the zeroes must lie only in the left half of the s-plane

the poles may lie anywhere in the s-plane

the poles lying on the imaginary axis must be simple

a pole may lie at origin