If M(A; Z), M_p and M_n denote the masses of the nucleus $${}_Z^AX,$$ proton and neutron respectively in units of u (1 u = 931.5 MeV/c²) and BE represents its bonding energy in MeV, then

In a radioactive decay process, the negatively charged emitted $$\beta $$-particles are

If the nucleus $${}_{13}^{27}Al$$ has a nuclear radius of about 3.6 fm, them $${}_{32}^{125}Te$$ would have its radius approximately as

In a mass spectrometer used for measuring the masses of ions, the ions are initially accelerated by an electric potential $$V$$ and then made to describe semicircular paths of radius R using a magnetic field B. If V and B are kept constant, the ratio $$\left( {{{ch\arg e\,\,on\,\,\,the\,\,ion\,\,} \over {mass\,\,of\,\,the\,\,ion}}} \right)$$ will be proportional to