Two radioactive materials X₁ and X₂ have decay constants $$5\lambda $$ and $$\lambda $$ respectively. If initially they have the same number of nuclei, then the ratio of the number of nuclei of X₁ to that X₂ will be 1/e after a time

Two radioactive substances A and B have decay constants 5$$\lambda $$ and $$\lambda $$ respectively. At t = 0 they have the same number of nuclei. The ratio of number of nuclei of A to those of B will be (1/e)² after a time interval

In a radioactive decay process, the negatively charged emitted $$\beta $$-particles are

In a mass spectrometer used for measuring the masses of ions, the ions are initially accelerated by an electric potential $$V$$ and then made to describe semicircular paths of radius R using a magnetic field B. If V and B are kept constant, the ratio $$\left( {{{ch\arg e\,\,on\,\,\,the\,\,ion\,\,} \over {mass\,\,of\,\,the\,\,ion}}} \right)$$ will be proportional to