Given a vector field $${\overrightarrow F ,}$$ the divergence theorem states that

The determinant of the matrix $$\left[ {\matrix{ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \cr {100} & 1 & 0 & 0 \cr {100} & {200} & 1 & 0 \cr {100} & {200} & {300} & 1 \cr } } \right]$$ is

In fig, the ideal switch $$S$$ is switched on and off with a switching frequency $$f = 10 kHz.$$ The switching time period is $$\,T = {t_{ON}} + t{}_{off} = 100\,\,\mu s.$$ The circuit is operated in steady state at the boundary of continuous and discontinuous conduction, so that the inductor current i is as shown in Fig.P20. Find

(a) The on-time $${t_{ON}}$$ of the switch
(b) The value of the peak current $${{\rm I}_p}$$

In the chopper circuit shown in fig the input $$dc$$ voltage has a constant value $${{V_s}}$$. the output voltage $${{V_0}}$$ is assumed ripple free. The switch $$S$$ is operated with a switching time period $$T$$ and a duty ratio $$D.$$ What is the value of $$D$$ at the boundary of continuous and discontinuous conduction of the inductor current $${i_L}$$?