A plane wave is incident normally on a perfect conductor as shown in Fig. Here $$E_x^i,\,\,H_y^i$$ and $$\overrightarrow P {}^i$$ are electric field, magnetic field and Poynting vector respectively, for the incident wave. The reflected wave should have

Match the following descriptions with each of the diagrams given in Fig. Fields are near the interface, but on opposite sides of the boundary. Vectors are drawn to scale.

(a) Medium $$1$$ and medium $$2$$ are dielectrics with $${\varepsilon _1} > {\varepsilon _2}$$
(b) Medium $$1$$ and medium $$2$$ are dielectrics with $${\varepsilon _1} < {\varepsilon _2}$$
(c) Medium $$2$$ is a perfect conductor
(d) Impossible
(e) Medium $$1$$ is a perfect conduct

Consider an array of two non-directional radiators with spacing $$d\,\, = \,\,0.5\,\,\lambda $$. Determine the directions of maximum radiation when the radiators are excited as shown in Fig.. Calculate the phase shift required for turning the direction of the maximum radiation by $${90^ \circ }$$ keeping the separation d unchanged.

An optical fiber consists of a cylindrical dielectric rod of refractive index $$n_1$$, surrounded by another dielectric of refractive index $$n_2$$ where $$n_2$$ < $$n_1$$ as shown in the following Fig. If a ray is incident from air at angle i to the axis, then it undergoes total internal reflection at the interface AB if