A two machine power system in shown below. Transmission line $$XY$$ has positive sequence impedance of $${Z_1}\Omega $$ and zero sequence impedance of $${Z_0}\Omega $$
An $$'a'$$ phase to ground fault with zero fault impedance occurs at the centre of the transmission line. Bus voltage at $$X$$ and line current from $$X$$ to $$F$$ for the phase $$'a',$$ are given by $${V_a}$$ Volts and $${{\rm I}_a}$$ Amperes, respectively. Then, the impedance measured by the ground distance relay located at the terminal $$X$$ of line $$XY$$ will be given by

Voltage phasors at the two terminals of a transmission line of length $$70$$ km have a magnitude of $$1.0$$ per unit but are $$180$$ degrees out of phase. Assuming that the maximum load current in the line is $$1/5$$^th of minimum $$3$$-phase fault current. Which one of the following transmission line protection schemes will NOT pick up for this condition?

A signal $${e^{ - \alpha t}}\,\sin \left( {\omega t} \right)$$ is the input to a real Linear Time Invariant system. Given $$K$$ and $$\phi $$ are constants, the output of the system will be of the form $$K{e^{ - \beta t}}\,\sin \,\left( {\upsilon t + \phi } \right)$$ where

A system with input $$x(t)$$ and output $$y(t)$$ is defined by the input $$-$$ output relation:
$$y\left( t \right) = \int\limits_{ - \infty }^{ - 2t} {x\left( \tau \right)} d\tau .$$ The system will be