Catabolism – Last step in the decomposition under fully anaerobic condition

Leaching – Water soluble inorganic nutrients rise to the top layers of soil

Fragmentation –Carried out by organisms such as earthworm

Humification – Leads to the accumulation of a dark coloured substance humus which undergoes microbial action at a very fast rate

Parasite

Decomposer

Producer

Consumers

(a) $$ \to $$ deer , (b) $$ \to $$ rabbit , (c) $$ \to $$ frog, (d) $$ \to $$ rat

(a) $$ \to $$ squirrel , (b) $$ \to $$ cat, (c) $$ \to $$ rat , (d) $$ \to $$ pigeon

(a) $$ \to $$ dog, (b) $$ \to $$ squirrel , (c) $$ \to $$ bat , (d) $$ \to $$ deer

(a) $$ \to $$ rat , (b) $$ \to $$ dog , (c) $$ \to $$ tortoise, (d) $$ \to $$ crow

Net productivity

Gross primary productivity

Secondary productivity

Net primary productivity