Ramapithecus $$ \to $$ Homo habilis $$ \to $$ Australopithecus $$ \to $$ Homo erectus

Australopithecus $$ \to $$ Ramapithecus $$ \to $$ Homo habilis $$ \to $$ Homo erectus

Ramapithecus $$ \to $$ Australopithecus $$ \to $$ Homo habilis $$ \to $$ Homo erectus

Australopithecus $$ \to $$ Homo habilis $$ \to $$ Ramapithecus $$ \to $$ Homo erectus

slow reproductive population

large isolated population

non-reproductive population

small isolated population

Divergent evolution

Convergent evolution

Stabilizing selection

Shared ancestry

Wing of a Moth

Dorsal fin of a Shark

Flipper of Whale

Hindlimb of Rabbit