The flowers pollinated by files and bats secrete foul odour to attract them.

Honey is made by bees by digesting pollen collected from flowers.

Pollen grains are rich in nutrients and they are used in the form of tablets and syrups.

Pollen grains of some plants cause severe allergies and bronchial afflictions in some people.

dry stigma

wet stigma

hollow style

solid style.

in vitro fertilization

breeding programmes

supplementing food

ex situ conservation.