Lichens

Green algae

Liverworts

Mosses

E.P. Odum

E. Haeckel

E. Warming

A.G. Tansley

the establishment of a new biotic community is very fast in its primary phase.

the numbers and types of animals remain constant.

the changes lead to a ommunity that is in near equilibrium with the environment and is called pioneer community

the gradual and predictable change in species composition occurs in a given area

primary consumers

detritivores

tertiary consumers

secondary consumers