In the design of a reinforced concrete bean the requirement for bond is not getting satisfied. The economical option to satisfy the requirement for bond is by

As per $$IS:$$ $$456$$-$$2000,$$ consider the following statements:

$$1.$$ The modular ratio considered in the working stress method depends on the type of steel used.
$$2.$$ There is an upper limit on the nominal shear stress in beams (even with shear reinforcement) due to the possibility of crushing of concrete in diagonal compression.
$$3.$$ A rectangular slab whose length is equal to its width may not be a two-way slab for some support conditions.

The TRUE statements are

If $$\phi \, = \,$$ nominal diameter of reinforcing bar, $${f_s}\, = $$ compressive stress in the bar and $${f_{bd}}\, = $$ design bond stress of concrete, the anchorage length, $${L_a}$$ of straight bar in compression is equal to