Which of the following statements is true for every planar graph on $$n$$ vertices?

Let $${x_n}$$ denote the number of binary strings of length $$n$$ that contains no consecutive $$0s$$.

Which of the following recurrences does $${x_n}$$ satisfy?

$$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {{x - \sin x} \over {x + \cos \,x}}\,\,Equals$$

A binary tree with $$n>1$$ nodes has $${n_1}$$, $${n_2}$$ and $${n_3}$$ nodes of degree one, two and three respectively. The degree of a node is defined as the number of its neighbours.

Starting with the above tree, while there remains a node $$v$$ of degree two in the tree, add an edge between the two neighbours of $$v$$ and then remove $$v$$ from the tree. How many edges will remain at the end of the process?