Which of the following is NOT true of deadlock prevention and deadlock avoidance schemes?

For a magnetic disk with concentric circular tracks, the seek latency is not linearly proportional to the seek distance due to

The data blocks of a very large file in the Unix file system are allocated using

The P and V operations on counting semaphores, where s is a counting semaphore, are defined as follows:

P(s): s = s-1; 
if s < 0 then wait; 
V(s) : s = s-1; 
ifs <= 0 then wakeup a process waiting on s;

Assume that P_b and V_b the wait and signal operations on binary semaphores are provided. Two binary semaphores X_b and Y_b are used to implement the semaphore operations P(s) and V(s) as follows:

  P(s): Pb (Xb);
        S = s - 1;
        if(s < 0){
          Vb(Xb);
          Pb(Yb);
        }
        Else Vb (Xb);
  V(s): Pb (Xb);
        S = s + 1;
        if(s <= 0) Vb(Yb);
        Vb(Xb);

The initial values of X_b and Y_b are respectively