A steel bar of $$10$$ $$mm\,\, \times \,\,50\,\,mm$$ is cantilevered with two $$M12$$ bolts ($$P$$ and $$Q$$) to support a static load of $$4$$ $$kN$$ as shown in figure aside.

The primary and secondary shear loads on rivet $$p,$$ respectively are

A steel bar of $$10$$ $$mm\,\, \times \,\,50\,\,mm$$ is cantilevered with two $$M12$$ bolts ($$P$$ and $$Q$$) to support a static load of $$4$$ $$kN$$ as shown in figure aside.

The resultant shear stress on rivet $$P$$ is closest to

While cooling, a cubical casting of side $$40mm$$ undergoes $$3\% ,\,\,4\% $$ and $$5\% $$ volume shrinkage during the liquid state, phase transition and solid state respectively. The volume of metal compensated from the riser is

In the deep drawing of cups, blanks show a tendency to wrinkle up around the periphery (flange). The most likely cause and remedy of the phenomenon are respectively,