Let $${G_1} = \left( {V,\,{E_1}} \right)$$ and $${G_2} = \left( {V,\,{E_2}} \right)$$ be connected graphs on the same vertex set $$V$$ with more than two vertices. If $${G_1} \cap {G_2} = \left( {V,{E_1} \cap {E_2}} \right)$$ is not a connected graph, then the graph $${G_1} \cup {G_2} = \left( {V,{E_1} \cup {E_2}} \right)$$

Let $$A$$ be and n$$ \times $$n matrix of the folowing form.

What is the value of the determinant of $$A$$?

The minimum number of colours required to colour the following graph, such that no two adjacent vertices are assigned the same colour, is

Mala has a colouring book in which each English letter is drawn two times. She wants to paint each of these 52 prints with one of $$k$$ colours, such that the colour-pairs used to colour any two letters are different. Both prints of a letter can also be coloured with the same colour. What is the minimum value of $$k$$ that satisfies this requirement?