A cantilever bracket is bolted to a column using three $$M12 \times 1.75$$ bolts $$P, Q$$ and $$R.$$ The value of maximum shear stress developed in the bolt $$P$$ (in $$MPa$$) is _______________.

For the given fluctuating fatigue load, the values of stress amplitude and stress ratio are respectively.

In full mould (cavity-less) casting process, the Pattern is made of

Ratio of solidification time of a cylindrical casting (height $$=$$ radius) to that of a cubic casting of side two times the height of cylindrical casting is ____________