For the given fluctuating fatigue load, the values of stress amplitude and stress ratio are respectively.

A cantilever bracket is bolted to a column using three $$M12 \times 1.75$$ bolts $$P, Q$$ and $$R.$$ The value of maximum shear stress developed in the bolt $$P$$ (in $$MPa$$) is _______________.

For ball bearings, the fatigue life $$L$$ measured in number of revolutions and the radial load $$F$$ are related by $$F{L^{1/3}} = K,$$ where $$K$$ is a constant. It withstands a radial load of $$2$$ $$kN$$ for a life of $$540$$ million revolutions. The load (in $$kN$$) for a life of one million revolutions is ___________.

In full mould (cavity-less) casting process, the Pattern is made of