A compacting machine shown in the figure below is used to create a desired thrust force by using a rack and pinion arrangement. The input gear is mounted on the motor shaft. The gears have involutes teeth of $$2$$ $$mm$$ module.

If the pressure angle of the rack is $${20^ \circ },$$ the force acting along the line of action between the rack and the gear teeth is

Gray cast iron blocks $$200 \times 100 \times 10\,\,mm$$ are to be cast in sand moulds. Shrinkage allowance for pattern making is $$1$$%. The ratio of the volume of pattern to that of the casting will be

Misrun is a casting defect which occurs due to

In a rolling process, sheet of $$25$$ $$mm$$ thickness is rolled to $$20$$ $$mm$$ thickness. Roll is of diameter $$600$$ $$mm$$ and it rotates at $$100$$ $$rpm.$$ The roll strip contact length will be