A device with data transfer rate $$10$$ $$KB/sec$$ is connected to a $$CPU.$$ Data is transferred byte-wise. Let the interrupt overhead be $$4$$ $$\mu \sec $$. The byte transfer time between the device interface register and $$CPU$$ or memory is negligible. What is the minimum performance gain of operating the device under interrupt mode over operating it under program controlIed mode?

Normally user programs are prevented from handling $${\rm I}/O$$ directly by $${\rm I}/O$$ instructions in them. For $$CPUs$$ having explicit $${\rm I}/O$$ instructions, such $${\rm I}/O$$ protection is ensured by having the $${\rm I}/O$$ instructions privileged. In a $$CPU$$ with memory mapped $${\rm I}/O$$, there is no explicit $${\rm I}/O$$ instruction. Which one of the following is true for a $$CPU$$ with memory mapped $${\rm I}/O$$ ?

The data given below. Solve the problems and choose the correct answer.

The normalized representation for the above format is specified as follows. The mantissa has an implicit preceding the binary (radix) point. Assume that only $$0's$$ are padded in while shifting a field. The normalized representation of the above $$\left( {0.239 \times {2^{13}}} \right)$$ is

The data given below. Solve the problems and choose the correct answer.

Mantissa is a pure fraction in sign - magnitude form. The decimal number $$0.239 \times {2^{13}}$$ has the following hexadecimal representation without normalization and rounding off