In a common emitter transistor amplifier, the output voltage and input voltage have a phase difference of

A body of mass 100 gram is tied to a spring of spring constant $8 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}$, while the other end of a spring is fixed. If the body moves in a circular path on smooth horizontal surface with constant angular speed $8 \mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{s}$ then the ratio of extension in the spring to its natured length will be

The voltmeter has range 10 V and its internal resistance is $50 \Omega$. To increase the range of voltmeter to 15 V , the resistance which is to be connected is

If 120 J of thermal energy is incident on area $3 \mathrm{~m}^2$, the amount of heat transmitted is 12 J , coefficient of absorption is 0.6 , then the amount of heat reflected is