The value of true strain produced in compressing a cylinder to half its original length is

Gray cast iron blocks of size $$100\,\,mm \times 50\,\,mm \times 10\,\,mm$$ with a central spherical cavity of diameter $$4$$ mm are sand cast. The shrinkage allowance for the pattern is $$3\% $$. The ratio of the volume of the pattern to volume of the casting is ___________________

The voltage - length characteristic of a direct current arc in an arc welding process is $$V=$$ $$(100+40l),$$ where $$l$$ is the length of the arc in $$mm$$ and $$V$$ is arc voltage in volts. During a welding operation, the arc length varies between $$1$$ and $$2$$ $$mm$$ and the welding current is the range $$200$$-$$250A$$. Assuming a linear power source, the short circuit current is _____________$$A.$$

The following data is applicable for a turning operation. The length of job is $$900$$ $$mm,$$ diameter of job is $$200$$ $$mm,$$ feed rate is $$0.25$$ $$mm/rev$$ and optimum cutting speed is $$300$$ $$m/min.$$ The machining time (in $$min$$) is _____________