In the figure, the load P = 1 N, length L = 1 m, Young’s modulus E = 70 GPa, and the cross-section of the links is a square with dimension 10 mm $$ \times $$ 10 mm. All joints are pin joints.

The stress (in Pa) in the link AB is _______.

$$(Indicate\,\,compressive\,\,stress\,\,by\,\,a\,\,negative\,$$
$$\,sign\,\,and\,\,tensile\,\,stress\,\,by\,\,a\,\,positive\,\,sign)$$

A circular metallic rod of length 250 mm is placed between two rigid immovable walls as shown in the figure. The rod is in perfect contact with the wall on the left side and there is a gap of 0.2 mm between the rod and the wall on the right side. If the temperature of the rod is increased by 200^oC, the axial stress developed in the rod is __________ MPa.

Young’s modulus of the material of the rod is 200 GPa and the coefficient of thermal expansion is 10⁻⁵ per ^oC.

A shaft with a circular cross-section is subjected to pure twisting moment. The ratio of the maximum shear stress to the largest principal stress is

A rigid horizontal rod of length $$2L$$ is fixed to a circular cylinder of radius $$R$$ as shown in the figure. Vertical forces of magnitude $$P$$ are applied at the two ends as shown in the figure. The shear modulus for the cylinder is $$G$$ and the Young’s modulus is $$E.$$

The vertical deflection at point $$A$$ is