In fully developed laminar flow in the circular pipe, the head loss due to friction is directly proportional to ....... (Mean velocity/square of the mean velocity)

Consider two large parallel plates, one at $${T_1} = {727^ \circ }C$$ with emissivity $${\varepsilon _1} = 0.8$$ and the other at $${T_2} = {227^ \circ }C\,$$ with emissivity $${\varepsilon _2} = 0.4.$$ An aluminium radiation shield with an emissivity, $${\varepsilon _s} = 0.05$$ on both sides is placed between the plates. Calculate the percentage reduction in heat transfer rate between the two plates as a result of the shield.
Use $$\sigma = 5.67 \times {10^{ - 8}}W/\left( {{m^2}{K^4}} \right)$$

A counter flow heat exchanger is to heat air entering at $${400^ \circ }C$$ with a flow rate of $$6$$ $$kg/s$$ by the exhaust gas entering at $${800^ \circ }C$$ with a flow rate of $$4$$ $$kg/s$$. The overall heat transfer coefficient is $${100^ \circ }C$$ $$W/\left( {{m^2}K} \right)$$ and the outlet temperature of the air is $${551.5^ \circ }C.$$ Specific heat at constant pressure for both air and the exhaust gas can be taken as $$1100$$ $$J/(kgK).$$ Calculate the heat transfer area needed and the number of transfer units.

If the demand for an item is doubled and the ordering cost halved, the economic order quantity