The open loop transfer function of a unity gain negative feedback system is given as

$$G(s) = {1 \over {s(s + 1)}}$$

The Nyquist contour in the s-plane encloses the entire right half plane and a small neighbourhood around the origin in the left half plane, as shown in the figure below. The number of encirclements of the point ($$-$$1 + j0) by the Nyquist plot of G(s), corresponding to the Nyquist contour, is denoted as N. Then N equals to

The damping ratio and undamped natural frequency of a closed loop system as shown in the figure, are denoted as $$\xi$$ and $$\omega$$_n are

A MOD-2 and a MOD-5 up-counter when cascaded together results in a MOD _________ counter. (in integer).

The maximum clock frequency in MHz of a 4-stage ripple counter, utilizing flip-flops, with each flip-flop having a propagation delay of 20 ns, is ________. (round off to one decimal place).