Signal flow graph is used to obtain the

Consider a second order system whose state space representation is of the form $$\mathop X\limits^ \bullet = AX + BU.$$ If $$\,{x_1}\,\,\left( t \right)\, = {x_2}\,\left( t \right),$$ then system is

The transfer function for the state variable representation $$\mathop X\limits^ \bullet = AX + BU,\,\,Y = CX + DU,$$ is given by

A $$10$$ bit $$A/D$$ converter is used to digitize an analog signal in the $$0$$ to $$5$$ $$V$$ range. The maximum peak to peak ripple voltage that can be allowed in the $$D.C.$$ supply voltage is